BIOLOGYBYTE

Meiosis Stages: Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 Meiosis is   reductional division  which means if the cell was diploid first ,after division it will become haploid.Now you must first know the meaning of haploid(n) and diploid.(2n) Suppose the number of chromosomes in an organism A is 2 (1  red and 1 blue ) ,it is the characteristic of that organism . Now organism A can have  2 sets  of each of these 2 chromosomes(diploid ,2n). or just one set of these 2 chromosomes(haploid ,n). At the end of meiosis 1 (second last step) only 1 set of the 2 chromosomes is present :one blue and one red(ignoring crossing over) in both the daughter cells. So it is haploid. meiosis 2 is exactly like mitosis so haploid cells give rise to haploid cells. We will now ,try to understand each of the 2 meiosis stages ,step by step in detail . Meiosis 1 Step 1:Prophase1 Leptotene: Chromosomes differentiate from chromatin fibers. Each chromosome ...

DNA Testing :Procedure of DNA Fingerprinting When you read about DNA testing , mitocondrial DNA etc you come across many definitions like this one: DNA Fingerprinting is a technique employed to assist in the identification of individuals on the basis of their respective DNA profiles. What does this difficult sentence really mean? A simple Explanation is needed . A Simple Explanation of the Procedure DNA Fingerprinting Before going into the detail of the process of DNA fingerprinting  and DNA testing ,you need to know the meaning of the terms:   Variable number of tandem repeats  Restriction Endonuclease Enzyme. Variable number of tandem repeats Only about 1 percent of DNA in humans encodes for mRNA. The remaining 99 percent is called “junk” DNA. This junk has areas that contain repeated patterns.  For instance, the four building blocks of DNA (Guanine, Cytosine, Adenosine, and Thymine) may repeated with this...

DNA Translation:DNA To Protein Translation refers to the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide.The order of the amino acids is defined by the sequence of bases in the m-RNA.Formation of a peptide bond requires energy, therefore in  the first step amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP. Step1: Activation of amino acids Amino acids react with ATP  to form amino acid –AMP complex and pyrophosphate. The reaction is catalysed by a specific amino acid -activating enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Step 2: Charging of tRNA The amino acid -AMP -enzyme complex joins the amino acid binding site to its specific tRNA where the COOH group of the amino acid binds to the -OH group of the tRNA. tRNA +amino acid get separated from enzyme+AMP. tRNA +amino acid complexis called charged tRNA. Step3:Activation of Ribosome The small and the large subunits of ribosomes must be joined together for protein synthes...

This is the chart of All the examples and characteristics mentioned in animal kingdom chapter ,using this chart you will be able to revise phylums all at once very easily without wasting much time.

These are the Short Tricks to remember the Examples for Homologous and Analogous Structures of evolution chapter class 12 based totally on NCERT . Using This you can easily remember these confusing examples once and for all Homologous  Analogous

This is the short trick to remember placentation examples from morphology of flowering plants chapter of class 11 Based on NCERT.